Based on the latest literature on the topic, skidding is one of the most important timber extraction options used in the international practice. There is a wide variety in the options used for timber extraction, e.g.,, and their choice is often contextual. Timber harvesting is a critical cell of the wood supply chain, mainly because its performance is affected by a wide range in the operational environment-, technology-, labor-, and institutional-related factors.
This may be achieved by developing further the forest road network, which, in addition to the benefits for harvesting operations, could support a more sustainable forest management. The results of this study indicate that shortening the extraction distances may be the best option in increasing the operational and environmental performance of skidding operations. Although the unit fuel consumption increased linearly as a function of extraction distance, its magnitude of increment was much lower. For the same conditions, fuel consumption increased linearly, being doubled at 800 m and four times higher at 2000 m. Taking as a reference an extraction distance of 200 m, productivity halved at 800 m, and decreased to one fourth at 2000 m. The main results indicate that, for removal intensities in the range of 7 to 15 m 3/ha, productivity of skidding operations in mature broadleaved forests depended heavily on the extraction distance. Then, the developed models and summary statistics were used to simulate productivity and fuel consumption for a wide range of extraction distances. Dependence of fuel and time consumption on relevant operational factors was modeled by least square stepwise ordinary regression techniques. Based on a time study which accounted for production and fuel consumption, this work modeled and quantified productivity and fuel consumption for such operational conditions. While its operational and environmental performance is affected by several factors, of which the extraction distance, removal intensity, and machine capabilities are of first importance, there are few studies on the subject in low-access and low-intensity removals.
Timber skidding is one of the most prevalent options in wood extraction around the world. Forest policies aiming for a greener future and decarbonization require scientific support to help in decision making on resource economy and sustainability of forest operations.
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